Maryland retains triple-A bond rating, but pension liabilities and federal cuts cloud future

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Treasury building in Annapolis

Treasury building in Annapolis.

By Len Lazarick
Len@MarylandReporter.com

The big three New York bond rating agencies last week again affirmed Maryland’s almost sacred triple-A bond rating, attributing the decades-old stamp of approval to a strong economy, high incomes, prudent fiscal management and a willingness to raise taxes.

But as they have for recent bond issues, the three agencies said the state government continues to face financial challenges from its above-average pension liabilities and likely federal budget cuts, along with an increasingly sluggish economy.

Job losses confirms slow growth

Confirmation of the continuing slow economic growth came Friday with the report that Maryland lost 11,000 jobs in June, the third worst performance in the nation. The governor and labor secretary both emphasized that these numbers have been revised upward in the past, and there are still 28,000 more people working now than there were a year ago. But growing jobs at about 1% a year is hardly enough to put recent college graduates to work, not to mention the long-term unemployed. That’s why the employment rate has continued to rise.

Some of those job losses might already be due to cutbacks by federal contractors preparing for the “fiscal cliff” the U.S. government faces come January. The Defense Department will have its budget reduced in big ways or small, but enough to affect the federally dependent Maryland economy.  And there’s not much the state can do about it.

Gloomiest forecast from Moody’s

The gloomiest forecast came from Moody’s Investor Services. “Maryland’s economic recovery continues sluggish and federal downsizing poses risk,” says one subhead. Moody’s has frequently cited the state’s debt levels, which it ranks as “high” relative to 50-state medians.

But it saved it longest description of credit challenges for the pension liabilities.

“The state ranks among the top 20 in its ratio of unfunded pension liabilities to [gross domestic product], well above the norm for its Aaa-rated peers,” says Moody’s.

Moody’s and the other rating agencies all acknowledge that Maryland took solid action last year to raise the contribution rates from employees and teachers, and reduce some benefits, including immediate reductions in health benefits for retirees. This cut the liabilities for the health benefits from $16 billion to $10 billion.

Required contributions not made

But Maryland continues to suffer from investment losses by the retirement system in 2008 and 2009, and from continued failure to pay the “actuarially required contribution” into the pension system for the last 10 years.

What was a temporary fix for a budget problem in 2002 has become a permanent feature of state law. The pension system board and a special pension commission have both recommended that the current system be phased out. Moody’s notes that in fiscal 2011, the state put $1.4 billion into the pension fund, when the actuary said it needed to be $1.9 billion.

Last week the board of the state retirement and pension system also voted not to reduce its presumed rate of return on investments from 7.75% to 7.5%. While 7.75% hardly seems realistic in current circumstances, the immediate effect of changing the expected rate would be to increase the amount of money taxpayers would have to put into the pension funds for state employees and teachers. Given that the state is not putting in its “actuarially required contribution,” raising the ARC would simply increase the gap.

The state board did vote to change some of its demographic presumptions for retirees, since it is hard not to recognize that people are living longer and thus collecting their pensions for a longer period of time. This change too raises the amount of money state taxpayers will have to pay toward pensions.

Fitch Ratings explicitly rejects the notion that 7.75% is realistic for what the other rating agencies call the “discount rate assumption.” It uses the more conservative figure of 7%. This means that instead of state employees and teachers pensions now being funded at about 64%, the system actually had about 60% of the money needed over the next 30 years and that the unfunded liabilities of the plan were not $20 billion but more like $24 billion.

Economists see reckless risk-taking

For some economists who have studied U.S. public pension systems over the last two years, all of these expectations are wishful thinking about rates of return, which have also pushed pension plans to take on riskier investments to achieve these high rates.

One study in particular that came out in May by three economists said U.S. public pension funds were allowed too much leeway in choosing their own rate of return compared to corporations and public pension systems in Europe and Canada.

“U.S. public funds uniquely increased their allocation to riskier investment strategies in order to maintain high discount rates and present lower liabilities, especially if their proportion of retired members increased more,” said the study. “Current stakeholders, including boards, members and their representatives as well as politicians and taxpayers, have a direct incentive to underestimate the current value of the existing liabilities and transfer this risk to future generations. In this era of general underfunding, this will allow current members to receive higher benefits without boards and politicians having to make tougher choices now.”

“A major worry is that increased risk-taking is reckless and could lead to substantial future costs to taxpayers or public entities,” said the authors.

For the moment, with Maryland revenues growing slowly and continuing pressures to spend more on direct services such as education, health care and transportation – and not retirement benefits for current workers – the state is likely to continuing putting less toward pensions than it should and seek higher returns from riskier investments.

About The Author

Len Lazarick

len@marylandreporter.com

Len Lazarick was the founding editor and publisher of MarylandReporter.com and is currently the president of its nonprofit corporation and chairman of its board He was formerly the State House bureau chief of the daily Baltimore Examiner from its start in April 2006 to its demise in February 2009. He was a copy editor on the national desk of the Washington Post for eight years before that, and has spent decades covering Maryland politics and government.

3 Comments

  1. Dale McNamee

    From the article : ” The big three New York bond rating agencies last week again affirmed
    Maryland’s almost sacred triple-A bond rating, attributing the
    decades-old stamp of approval to a strong economy, high incomes, prudent
    fiscal management and a willingness to raise taxes. ”

    What have those agencies been imbibing ?

     “Prudent Fiscal Management ? I’d laugh, but it hurts to do so… If the state were truly fiscally prudent, we’d be running a surplus and wouldn’t have a “structural deficit ” ! Also, the cost of living here wouldn’t be as high as it is !

    Raising taxes, the preferred tool of the fiscally imprudent…

  2. Hungrypirana

    Reputations of ratings agencies Moody’s and Fitch remain in the mud as far as I’m concerned. Egan-Jones issues more reliable ratings, although I don’t see any recent work they’ve done for Maryland.

    Maryland’s Rainy Day Fund is often cited by Moody’s and Fitch as having a mitigating effect on the state’s otherwise poor financial picture. In fact, the RDF is mostly a gimmick because it is not composed of cash; rather it is net assets which cannot in many cases be converted into cash (unless the state wants to sell its buildings or other real property!!) I’m skeptical the ratings agencies views of the RDF are sufficiently conservative.

    Moody’s and Fitch, like Maryland, are depending on several gimmicks to manage the current budget (FY 2013) such that the Aaa ratings are kept intact. There’s $84 million of accounting gimmicks, $50 million to privatize the workers’ compensation fund, and a $100 million transfer from the Capital Fund to the Operating Fund, to be replaced with GO bond proceeds at a later date. Further, the state’s transfer of teacher pension liabilities to the counties starts this year, but I’m not sanguine about the long-term viability of Maryland’s three-year plan; there will be increasing resistance by counties already operating on the edge.

    And lastly, foreign-currency investment risks evident in Maryland’s pension plans are not discussed by Moody’s or Fitch, suggesting that they are not being considered as part of the Aaa ratings. Last year’s CAFR (page 62) shows substantial foreign-currency risk as of 6-30-2011, primarily in the Euro ($2,900,339,000 of risk), UK pound ($1,532,544,000) and Swiss Franc which is pegged to the Euro and moves in tandem ($491,909,000). If these risks were substantially unhedged, then pension assets have lost material value. For instance, the EURO was $1.44 at 6-30-2011 and fell to $1.25 as of 6-30-2012, or 15% (it is now $1.21 per Euro.)
      

  3. Meplath

     But Maryland continues to suffer from investment losses by the
    retirement system in 2008 and 2009, and from continued failure to pay
    the “actuarially required contribution” into the pension system for the
    last 10 years.

    What was a temporary fix for a budget problem in 2002 has become a
    permanent feature of state law. The pension system board and a special
    pension

    commission have both recommended that the current system be
    phased out. Moody’s notes that in fiscal 2011, the state put $1.4
    billion into the pension fund, when the actuary said it needed to be
    $1.9 billion.
    ———————-So Owemalley is a friend of the working class?  Until they retire.

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